August 2021 - Yorkshire Milestones

Foiling invaders: waymarkers at war

In 1939, with war looming, an Emergency Powers (Defence) Act was passed enabling the government to make orders as the need arose for the defence of the realm.

One such was the Removal of Direction Signs Order of 30^th May 1940. This was in the middle of the Dunkirk evacuation, when fears of a German invasion were at their peak. To prevent direction signs being used by an invading army (albeit no doubt armed with maps), all such signs that were visible from a road were to be taken down or otherwise rendered useless.

This was reported in the Daily Express of the following day under the headline Signposts to be removed: Sir John Reith, Minister of Transport, announced last night that highways authorities have been instructed to remove signposts and direction indications which would be of value to the enemy in case of invasion. The work was put in hand on Wednesday.

Wooden sign-posts were dug up (or had their arms removed), enamel village signs were unscrewed, and all were put into storage – hopefully to be replaced at the end of the war. Milestones and boundary stones suffered varying fates: some were removed for safety to council depots, etc; some were covered over with earth, or buried. A council workman in Norfolk said that his instructions were simply to “dig a trench, push the stones into it and cover them up”.

Others, however, had the ignominious fate of being defaced, their legends chiselled away. This latter act was contrary to the government’s intentions, as the instructions said clearly that “a chisel should not be used to cut out lettering on milestones”.

Not everyone was happy. It was reported from the West Riding that milestones were being “chipped with a chisel … and now they are dumb.” This was clearly seen as an act of vandalism. “Never since milestones were first put up on the rolling English road have the milestones lost face – except when old age has made them speechless. Their gashed faces now have brought the war to the quietest of country lanes.”

Similar sentiments were evident in Derbyshire, their concern being that “Many of these stones represented an interesting link with the past and one wonders whether it will ever be possible to restore them in their original condition.” What was of particular concern was that the “old-time spellings and the quaint abbreviations” were not lost forever.

Such fears were not entirely misplaced. From 1944 the government permitted the re-instatement of signs in inland areas, though labour shortages did not make this a top priority for local authorities. Many milestones and signposts were replaced after the war, but some buried stones remained buried for many years (and some possibly still are).

Conversely, some stones still stand in their original locations showing the brutal treatment they have received. A few examples are pictured below. Some have had their legends restored, as far as possible, but current thinking is that they should remain as they are: the war is part of our history, and the defacement of milestones is part of their history.

Sources: articles in Milestones and Waymarkers: Keith Lawrence: Emergency powers and the milestones (2014, vol 7, pp 3-6) and David Viner: Emergency powers and the milestones – further examples come to light (2016, vol 9, pp 49-50).

RWH / August 2021

Guidestoop in Ripponden at junction
of A58 and B6113 – as defaced.

One of half-a-dozen stones erected by the Borough of Mossley after incorporation at all its boundaries and all similarly defaced. This is on the A635 at the Yorkshire – Lancashire county boundary. It would have read, on the left: County of / West Riding / of Yorkshire [no mention of Saddleworth]; and on the right: County of / Lancashire / Salford / Hundred / Borough of /Mossley.

Boundary stone on the A643 between Cleckheaton and Gomersal.

Boundary stone on the A62 marking the boundary between Linthwaite and Slaithwaite.

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Highways Acts: a brief summary

The first Act of Parliament relating to roads was in 1555, and they have followed thick and fast ever since. This is a brief list of the main ones and what they contained.

1555. This first act, “for amending of Highways, being now both every noisom and tedious to travel in, and dangerous to all Passengers and Carriages” was passed during the reign of Queen Mary. It laid responsibility for the upkeep of highways throughout the country on the parish (interpreted as the township in those parts of the north of England with large parishes). Each highway authority was to elect a surveyor every year whose job it was to maintain the roads in good repair, using the local peasantry who gave their labour unremuneratedly (and no doubt unwillingly).

1663: The Wadesmill to Stilton Turnpike Act. This was the first ever turnpike act, to improve the road from Wadesmill in Hertfordshire to Stilton (of cheese fame) in Cambridgeshire, along the line of the old Great North Road. It established the principle that road users should pay for road improvements, although it was over 30 years before the next turnpike act.

1697: An Act for enlargeing Common Highways. This act permitted the compulsory acquisition of land where the road was too narrow. More significantly for our interests it made provision for the establishment of guide-stones or posts “where Two or more Crosse High-ways meet”.

1706: The Fornhill [Bedfordshire] to Stony Stratford [Buckinghamshire] Turnpike Act, covering part of the old Roman Road to Chester, Watling Street. The half-dozen turnpikes set up after the first were all under the control of the County Justices. This, however, was the first where the road was effectively privatised, and a board of local worthies, businessmen, etc took it over, and it set the pattern for all future turnpikes

1735: The Rochdale to Halifax etc Turnpike Act, the first in Yorkshire. In the same year there was an act for a turnpike from Manchester to Austerlands, on the Lancashire-Yorkshire boundary, though it was not until 1759 that the continuation to Huddersfield and Wakefield was authorised.

1766: The General Turnpike Act. A consolidation act repealing all earlier legislation and replacing it with one supposedly simple law. This was the first general act to require that milestones be set up on all turnpikes, although many individual turnpike acts had already made this stipulation, particularly from the 1740s onwards.

1822: General Turnpike Road Act: another consolidation act. Among other things this had reference to extra horses being taken on up hills at no extra charge, leading to the small number of “take-on” and “take-off” stones that survive. It also had a requirement for marker posts at parish boundaries.

1858: Local Government Act. This act gave parishes and townships the option of becoming Urban Sanitary Districts or combining with others to become Rural Sanitary Districts. Urban Sanitary Districts were to retain responsibility for their roads.

1862: Highways Act. This established Highway Districts as the norm for areas where parishes had not become Urban Sanitary Districts. This applied to most of the rural parts of Yorkshire. Highway Districts were also to take over the roads operated by failing Turnpike Trusts in the same areas.

1888: Local Government Act. This created the local government system that prevailed until the reforms of 1974. It established County Boroughs, responsible for all services (including roads) within their area, and County Councils, which had responsibility for main roads in the rest of the county.

1894: Local Government Act. Sanitary Districts became simply Urban and Rural District Councils, UDCs retaining responsibility for minor roads, and RDCs acquiring it with the abolition of Highway Districts.

Sources: W Albert: The turnpike road system in England 1663-1840 (Cambridge U P, 1972); Sidney and Beatrice Webb: The story of the King’s highway (Longmans Green, 1920); vlex.co.uk

RWH / August 2021

Highways Acts: a brief summary Read More »

The Earby stoop

Earby, a small town in the north-west of the old West Riding, boasts an interesting and rare old guide-stoop. It was probably put up early in the 18^th century following instructions from the County Justices to set up stoops at cross-highways pointing to the nearest market towns – in this case Skipton, Colne and Blackburn. It does not give distances, as these were not required until 1737.

It is unlike most such guide-stoops in that it is carved in relief, rather than incised in the usual fashion. It was suggested that a sign over the door of the White Lion Inn of 1681 was stylistically virtually identical, and could be by the same stonemason.

Its most unusual feature, however, is its use of mirror-writing. It reads on one side simply “TO SKIPTON”, and underneath, back to front, “TO COLN”. Thus Skipton is to the right, and Colne to the left. On another side it directs, on three lines, “TO / BLAC / KBURN”. The Ns in Skipton and Blackburn are back-to-front.

In 1938 the Craven Herald reported that it was one of only two of this type in the north of England, the other being at Boroughbridge. But if this is refers to one at Kirby Hill, just north of Boroughbridge, anything that may have been carved on it is now illegible. There is, however, one in Derbyshire, at Goatscliff, south of Grindleford. This, according to Howard Smith’s definitive book on The Guide Stoops of Derbyshire (Horizon Press, 2009), is the only one with this feature in the county.

The original location of the stoop has been much discussed. Current thinking is that it was on Long Lane, south of Earby, then a main route between Skipton and Colne, at a point where another track led west to Sough Bridge and Salterforth, and thence on an uncertain route to Blackburn. The article referenced below discusses this in more detail.

After its removal from wherever it had originally been the stoop has had a chequered history: from the garden of the Clerk to the Earby Urban District Council sometime in the 1920s to 1936; then to the council’s yard until after the war, and from there to the War Memorial in Sough Park. Finally, in 1997, having been deemed in the way on Remembrance Days, it was removed for safety to the Mining Museum on School Lane.

The museum, sadly, had to close in 2015, and the exhibits were taken over by the Dales Countryside Museum in Hawes, run by the National Park. The stoop, however, remains and can still be seen outside the lovely Old Grammar School building. This was built in 1600 following a bequest by local man Robert Windle who died in 1591, and is still owned by Robert Windle’s Foundation, an educational charity.

Sources: websites of Robert Windle’s Foundation and the Earby & District Local History Society, in particular https://www.robertwindlefoundation.org/single-post/2017/09/15/the-earby-guide-stoop and an article by Trevor Tattersall in the Local History Society’s newsletter, Summer 2015, available from link at http://www.earbyhistory.co.uk/earby-chronicles/4559852678. The photographs are reproduced with the kind permission of the Earby & District Local History Society.

RWH / August 2021

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Guide-stones of the West Riding

Guide-stones (or stoops as they are often called in Yorkshire, from an old Norse word for a post) are equivalent of today’s signposts. They came before milestones which are mainly a product of the turnpike era.

The first Act of Parliament to refer to them was in 1697 (chapter 16 of 8&9 William III: An Act for enlargeing Common Highways). This states:

“And for the better convenience of travelling in such Parts of this Kingdome which are remote from Towns and where several High-ways meet Be it further enacted … That it shall and may be lawfull to and for his Majesties Justices of the Peace … in such Cases as they shall think necessary to direct their Precept to the Surveyors of the High-ways in any Parish or Place where Two or more Crosse High-ways meet requiring them forthwith to cause to be erected or fixed in the most convenient Place where such Ways joyn a Stone or Post with an Inscription thereon in large Letters containing the Name of the next Markett Towne to which each of the said joyning High-ways leads …”

And there is a fine of ten shillings for any surveyor who shall “neglect or refuse to cause such Stone or Post to be fixed”.

Celia Fiennes, travelling the country at around this time,reports in her diary seeing, for example, at Lutterworth a “hand poynting 4 wayes to Coventry, Leicester, London, and Litchfield”. But it was Lancashire with which she was most impressed: “They have one good thing in most parts of this principality …, that at all cross wayes there are posts with hands pointing to each road with the names of the great town or market towns that it leads to, which does make up for the length of the miles the strangers may not loose their road and have it to goe back again.”

There is an absence of dates in Fiennes’s accounts, so we cannot be sure whether these preceded or followed the legislation.

It was not until 1700, however, that the West Riding justices issued an instruction to local parish and township surveyors for “stoops to be sett up in crosse highways” inscribed with “the name of the next market town to which each of the joining highways leede”.

In 1733 this instruction (presumably having been largely ignored) was repeated, guide-stoops to be set up at cross-roads “upon large moors and commons where intelligence is difficult to be had” – a reference to the paucity of the population rather than their IQ! Another instruction of 1738 requested that distances be stated, and in 1754 the constables were called to account for their actions. It also became common practice for dates to be included, although there seems to have been no legal requirement for this. Many stoops have dates around 1738 and the 1750s.

The 1733 instruction perhaps recognises that market towns are few and far between on the moors, and many stones name not far-off towns, but nearby settlements. A stone at Norland, near Sowerby Bridge, for example, directs a traveller to Elland, Ripponden, Sowerby and Halifax. Only the last-named was a market town. Similarly, the stoop outside the Lower Royal George on the A640 near Huddersfield names Scammonden, Deanhead (as Daynhead, presumably how it was pronounced), Marsden and Huddersfield – again the only market town, while the first two, then as now, were sparsely-populated settlements, not even villages.

A stone of 1738, at a crossroads on the B6118 above Kirkheaton, however, fulfils all the requirements: it directs to Barnsley, Dewsbury, Halifax and Huddersfield – all market towns.

Sometimes hands and fingers point towards the destination, but in their absence the custom was that the traveller was to take the road to the right while facing the destination name on the stone.

An unusual alternative can be found on a guide-stoop at Earby in the north-west of the old West Riding. The words TO COLN are written back-to-front, thus indicating that Colne was to the left.

Many stones name the surveyor who was responsible for the erection of the stoop. A stone at Farnley Moor End between Farnley Tyas and Thurstonland near Holmfirth, also of 1738, has two beautifully-carved names: Joⁿ Hoyle, Constable, and Tho^s Bothomley, Surveyor. Interestingly, this stoop, like the Earby one, was once used as the base for a sun-dial.

Guide-stones are not exclusively a feature of the early 18^th century. Dotted around the county are a number of guide-stones put up in the 19^th century by a number of different bodies: local authorities (townships or local boards), turnpike trusts and highway boards. Perhaps they used stone because of its easy availability and greater durability.

Examples are:

In the Craven district, mainly north of Skipton: over 20 stones in one simple style can be found at road junctions, showing the way to nearby villages . These are thought to have been put up by the East Staincliffe Highways District, around the 1880s. Click here for more details.
In the Thurstonland area: four stones were erected in 1861 by the Local Board: the surveyor’s name, John Bottomley, is carved on one of them. Click here for details of a walk visiting them all (as well as the Farnley Moor End stoop).
On the Leeds-Otley road stand a series of thick stone blocks with the names of anything up to a dozen local villages, buildings, railway stations and more distant towns. These were put up by the Turnpike Trust.

Sources: W B Crump: Huddersfield highways down the ages (Tolson Museum, 1949); Sidney and Beatrice Webb: The story of the King’s highway (Longmans Green, 1920)

RWH / August 2021

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Wayside and other crosses

All over the country, in towns and villages, and even in the middle of nowhere, you may encounter crosses – usually on a pedestal, some are actual crosses with a cross-piece, others a simple tall erect stone. There are different types:

Market crosses: found in towns, and sometimes what are now mere villages, where the monarch (or other designated person) had granted the right to hold a market. Some have developed into elaborate covered structures, such as Beverley’s, rebuilt in 1714. Others remain simple, such as Emley’s. Emley’s long-gone market was granted in 1253; now it has a Premier Stores mini-market, and the remains of the cross (pictured top) are painted white to avoid the several traffic accidents it has been involved in over the years. A list of all those in Great Britain can be found on Wikipedia. These and the next type, preaching crosses, do not really fall within the remit of the Milestone Society.

Preaching crosses: during the Anglo-Saxon period wooden crosses would mark spots where priests or monks would preach to local communities, and stone crosses that survive today from mediaeval times (and are not market crosses) may be their successors. It has been suggested, for example that Stainland Cross, near Halifax, listed as mediaeval by Historic England, might have been a preaching cross. Although it now stands outside the church this was not its original location. A preaching cross can be found outside the church in Pocklington: it commemorates a sermon of St Paulinus in 627 AD, though again the cross is much later: its 15^th century head is now inside the church. Paulinus became the first bishop of York, and he is also commemorated at Dewsbury where fragments of a 9^th century stone cross can be found inside the Minster.

Wayside crosses: this term applies to any crosses found in open countryside or by old tracks outside towns and villages. Stone crosses were erected widely throughout the mediaeval period, mostly between the 9th and 15th centuries and had a variety of functions, although the main purpose of raising such a cross was to reiterate and reinforce the Christian faith amongst those who passed it. Many crosses were erected to mark the boundaries of lands held by ecclesiastical institutions such as monasteries. Others fulfilled a role as waymarkers especially in difficult and otherwise unmarked terrain. Such crosses contribute significantly to our understanding of medieval religious custom and landholding. Decorated examples also contribute to our knowledge of sculptural and artistic traditions. Examples can be found around Malham (see separate article), and another is the Lady Cross on the old salt road on Lansgett Moor.

Source: Historic England

RWH / August 2021

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Divisions of townships

The north of England had some huge parishes, such as Rochdale (which included part of Yorkshire) and Halifax. So big that for practical purposes they were divided into townships – Halifax had over 20. In the West Riding townships became the main units of local government when this began to be systematically organised in the 19^th century.

It has, however, been suggested that in fact the basic unit was actually the township, and that parishes were merely combinations of townships made for ecclesiastical purposes*.

Even if this is the case, the township was not the smallest unit, for many were further subdivided. The first edition of the Ordnance Survey 6-inch maps published in the middle of the 19^th century names all these subdivisions and marks their boundaries.

Sub-divisions had various names, frequently simply Divisions, sometimes Hamlets. The names of these divisions could be simple, very often Upper, Middle and Lower or some such combination.

The Saddleworth Meres were subdivided thus and several boundary stones survive showing these names. The one illustrated here marks the boundary between the Middle Division of Lords Mere and the Upper Division of Shaw Mere. It stands opposite the Old Bell Inn on the A62 at Delph.

Huddersfield Township was divided into self-governing Hamlets: Bradley, Deighton, Fartown, Marsh and Huddersfield itself. When the first Huddersfield Improvement Act of 1820 drew a circle, 1200 yards from the Market Place, to denote the Improvement Area there was uproar in Marsh which stood to lose half its territory.

Some have more exotic names, an example being Slaithwaite in the Colne Valley. A stream, Bradshaw Clough continuing as Merrydale Clough, runs roughly west to east through the township, joining the River Colne in what is now the village centre. This stream marks the boundary between the two parts of the township, Sun Side and Holme Side. Holme Side was named from the small settlement of Holme, but there is no evidence of a place-name giving rise to Sun Side: this was to the north, and perhaps got more sunshine than its north-facing neighbour.

Another term we encounter is Constablewick, or Constablery: a district under a constable. [Constables, like surveyors, were often appointed annually]. Adel, for example, comprised two constablewicks, while a guide-stoop cum boundary stone on Penny Pot Lane now on the outskirts of Halifax refers to the Constablery of Killinghall. Part of Killinghall Township was in the Constablery of Nidd.

Clay House in West Vale, Greetland, has a number of old boundary stones rescued from their original locations, and several of these name township divisions.

* D J H Michelmore: Township and tenure in M L Faull and S A Moorhouse, eds: West Yorkshire: an archaeological survey to A D 1500, vol 2: the administrative and tenurial framework; Wakefield: West Yorkshire M D C, 1981, pp 235-239.

RWH / August 2021

Divisions of townships Read More »

More road history websites

The Internet has huge numbers of websites, or sections of websites, devoted to the history of roads – often created by local enthusiasts.

Here are links to a few of them (all opening in a new tab):

Huddersfield: https://huddersfield.exposed/wiki/Category:Turnpike_roads: this site has articles on nearly all the turnpike roads in the district, as well as items on related topics

Rastrick (Brighouse): Turnpike roads in Rastrick: https://myrastrick.com/turnpike-road-in-rastrick/

Scarcroft (north-east of Leeds): The three milestones of Scarcroft: http://www.thornerhistory.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ms-scarcroft-Ver4.pdf

Wikipedia can also be also a mine of useful information. There are, for example, extensive articles on the Richmond and Lancaster Turnpike, and the Keighley and Kendal Turnpike.

Another interesting site covering all roads in differing amounts of detail is https://www.sabre-roads.org.uk

Replacing a lost Brayshaw & Booth milestone

The A643 starts at Junction 23 of the M62, runs parallel with it for a few miles and then descends into Brighouse. When it was opened, in 1809, it was officially the Outlane and Rastrick Branch of the Huddersfield and New Hey Turnpike Trust. Three of the original four mileposts still stand on its 4½-mile length. The other was lost when the M62 was built.

Passing the Wappy Springs Inn, near Outlane, in late 2018, Jan Scrine noticed that the three miles from Rastrick post, and the wall against which it had stood, were gone – replaced by the entrance to a new industrial development. Enquiries were made to Kirklees Council, and it was found that the site’s planning applications had indicated the milepost was to be returned when the work was completed. It had, however, vanished.

[Although the post stood in what was originally Stainland in Calderdale a small part of this was transferred to Huddersfield in 1937 and is now in Kirklees.]

The replacement returned to (more or less) its original location

The story of the erection of over 600 mileposts by the new West Riding County Council in the 1890s is told elsewhere on these pages: cast at the foundry of Brayshaw & Booth at Liversedge , and erected by G & F Stead, stonemasons of Mirfield, over half survive, some lovingly preserved, others in a sorry state.

Local councillors were contacted and the developers agreed to fund a replica milepost, following the Milestone Society’s guidance notes. Stan Driver, the former Senior Conservation Officer at the Council, supplied extremely detailed information on size and composition. This was based on a similar milepost nearby, as well as his experience of replacing a series of Brayshaw & Booth mileposts in 2004. And the Senior Highways Design Engineer took a real interest in the project.

The Hargreaves Foundry in Halifax was tasked with the job. They prepared a wooden pattern and from this a mould made of Furan Resin Sand which came from China. This is a kind of self-hardening sand; after the coating is burned, the surface of the sand mould becomes extremely hard. A model was prepared and then the final cast was made and painted. The white coating was sprayed on using an AE52 paint system, a two pack polyurethane finish designed to have excellent durability and abrasion resistance – the technical instructions state that ‘Substrates must be thoroughly cleaned, dry and free from contaminants, corrosion and grease prior to coating’. The black lettering was AE53, ‘A high solids Polyurethane Compliant Finish for general purpose use with good salt spray resistance’, applied by roller. The casting bears the name of the foundry and the date 2019.

The cost of the casting project was £4160 including VAT; the developers are to be congratulated for their willingness to expend this amount to restore the milepost. Thanks are also due to the highways engineers, councillors and local Milestone Society members for their good-humoured persistence in following the matter to its happy conclusion.

A backing stone was obtained and in March 2021 the milepost was installed near to its original location by the Kirklees Highways team – a job well done! And the Brayshaw & Booth mould will also be available for any such future projects…

This is an abbreviated version of the full case study that appears, with illustrations, at: milestonesociety.co.uk/caring-for-or-repairing-milestones/a-2019-restoration-case-study

JHS / August 2021

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Mastiles Lane and wayside crosses around Malham

Mastiles Lane was a mediaeval track forming part of a road system connecting Fountains Abbey with its lands in the Dales and the Lake District.

It commenced at Kilnsey where many tracks converged on a monastic grange built in the twelfth century. This served all the Fountains Abbey estates in Upper Wharfedale, Littondale and upper Airedale. From here it crossed the open moorland of Kilnsey Moor and Mastiles, past Street Gate.

This name has also been given to the road itself, and is an indication that the route has actually been used in Roman times, and possibly even before that. Aerial photography and archaeology has revealed a Roman marching camp on it, just north of Low Stony Bank.

After Street Gate it crosses Malham Water, the short stretch of a stream that issues from the Tarn before disappearing underground to re-emerge not below the Cove as originally thought, but south of Malham village at a place known as Aire Head.

The name Mastiles Lane applies only to the stretch from Kilnsey to Malham, but the monastic route continued over to Stainforth and then north-west towards the Fountains Abbey lands in the Lake District. The origin of the name is not known, but it is not inconceivably related, albeit distantly, to the old Cumberland dialect word mastel, meaning a patch of an arable field never ploughed.

Wayside crosses were erected at prominent places along this stretch of the route: somewhere for a quick prayer to help you on your way, and to guide travellers over the somewhat featureless landscape.

These were generally square shafts inserted into hollowed sockets cut into a stone base. Five of these bases survive, though the crosses themselves have disappeared, re-used in later stone walls no doubt. A good example is near the point where Cow Gill crosses Mastiles Lane and the oddly named Smearbottoms Lane meets it (SD 9299 6548) – pictured right.

Two crosses that appear intact can be found in the vicinity of Malham: Nappa Cross and Weets Cross.

Nappa Cross is by Kirkby Fell, 3 km west of Malham village, just north of an old track to Settle (SD 8751 6416). Sadly, this is not entirely authentic: it has been moved, possibly from the junction of this path with the Settle track, and re-erected incongruously on the top of a dry-stone wall. And the shaft was replaced in 1965 according to the National Park.

Weets Cross is 2 km east of Malham, on Weets Top (SD 9252 6323). It is at a high point on a track from Mastiles Lane to the Fountains lands south of Malham, and a logical place for a wayside cross. Especially as it is at an important point of great antiquity where five townships meet: Bordley, Hetton, Calton, Hanlith and Malham.

Sources: article by David Garside in the Dalesman, August 2021; Geoffrey N Wright: Roads and trackways in the Yorkshire Dales (1985); websites: historicengland.org.uk, outofoblivion.org.uk, yorkshiredales.org.uk. Photos by David Garside and Milestone Society.

RWH / August 2021

Mastiles Lane and wayside crosses around Malham Read More »

Foiling invaders: waymarkers at war

Highways Acts: a brief summary

The Earby stoop

Guide-stones of the West Riding

Wayside and other crosses

Divisions of townships

More road history websites

Replacing a lost Brayshaw & Booth milestone

Mastiles Lane and wayside crosses around Malham

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